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Young Americans’ Views of the Presidential Election

Posted on by Scot Wilson

In this final post of a three-part series, we continue exploring the results of the “Reimagining Political Leadership: The Outlook of Young Americans” survey focused on the political attitudes of Americans aged 18-34. The survey was designed by the Sine Institute of Policy and Politics at American University in partnership with Future Caucus and the Close Up Foundation, and based on interviews conducted by the Generation Lab, a data intelligence company that gathers and interprets the views and behavior of young adults. In this post, we examine the views of young Americans as they relate to the 2024 presidential election.

READ: All About the Survey

The survey’s key findings relating to the 2024 election and the presidential candidates include the following:

  • Only about half (49 percent) of young Americans describe themselves as very likely or certain to vote (eight or higher on a ten-point scale).
  • The most common descriptors of their mood heading into November are “nervous and scared” followed by “hopeful and optimistic.”
  • Vice President Kamala Harris has a large, double-digit lead over former President Donald Trump in both the multi-candidate and head-to-head trial heat. Vice President Harris’ advantage with young Americans is rooted in substantive evaluations; she is viewed as better than former President Trump on all eight qualities that we tested.
  • Young Americans have a broad and substantive voting agenda, but it tracks all Americans in centering primarily around the economy and the cost of living.
  • While voting is only one of many behaviors that young Americans see as critical to a maintaining a functioning democracy, emphasizing the importance of making their voices count and having a say in their future are most persuasive.

The findings also show that young Americans have more negative emotional responses to the election, with half of respondents saying that they are feeling either “nervous and scared” or “dissatisfied and disappointed.” These responses can be partially explained by the findings that majorities of young Americans agree with statements such as:

  • There often are not candidates running who I am excited to support (72 percent agree).
  • It’s hard to get information that is trustworthy and reliable about the candidates and their issue positions (69 percent agree).
  • It’s hard to get information that is relevant to me about the candidates’ positions on issues I care about (57 percent agree).

Finally, the poll found that young people support Vice President Harris by a 2-to-1 margin over former President Trump in a head-to-head poll.

Discussion Questions

  1. How do the views reflected here compare with your views?
  2. If you had to choose one word to reflect how you are feeling about the upcoming election, what would it be?
  3. If you were able to survey young Americans, what would you want to know?

Previous Posts About the Survey Data

As always, we encourage you to join the discussion with your comments or questions below.

Close Up is proud to be the nation’s leading nonprofit civic education organization, working with schools and districts across the country since 1971. If you would like to partner with us or learn more about our experiential learning programs, professional development, or curriculum design and consulting, contact us today! 

 

Sources

Featured Image Credit: Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images

 

State and Federal Legislation on Gender-Affirming Care for Minors

Posted on by Ashleigh Barber

In the past six years, the introduction of bills in state legislatures to ban gender-affirming care for transgender and gender diverse youth has increased exponentially. In 2018, two such bills were introduced. In 2023, there were 185. Arkansas became the first state to ban gender-affirming care for youth in 2021; now, there are 26 states with bans on gender-affirming care for transgender youth. In response, other states have begun passing laws protecting access to gender-affirming care. It is estimated that 110,000 transgender teenagers, about 40 percent of transgender youth, live in states with bans on gender-affirming care.

What is Gender-Affirming Care?

Gender-affirming care consists of an array of services, including both medical and non-medical interventions for transgender and gender diverse people. Medical services can include hormone therapy, surgery, and mental health services. Non-medical services can include adopting gender-affirming hairstyles, clothing, names, gender pronouns, and restrooms and other facilities.1

Gender-affirming medical care for youth most often consists of puberty blockers that stop the onset of puberty. Doctors say the goal of puberty blockers is to give young people time to mature enough mentally and emotionally to make informed decisions about whether to pursue permanent treatment. Once someone stops taking them, puberty starts again as normal. Gender-affirming medical care for youth can also include hormone therapy and, rarely, surgical intervention.2

What Kinds of Bills Have Passed?

The details of state bans on gender-affirming care vary, but in general, the laws prevent transgender minors from accessing puberty blockers, hormones, and surgery. More than 20 states have passed laws that punish health care professionals for providing gender-affirming care to their minor patients. Five states have made it a felony, and in eight states it is illegal for providers to offer minors referrals for care outside their state or otherwise aid and abet access to gender-affirming care.3

Sixteen states and the District of Columbia have shield laws that protect access to gender-affirming care for transgender and gender diverse youth. Shield laws vary by state but generally preserve minors’ access to gender-affirming care and protect patients, guardians, and medical professionals from prosecution for seeking or providing care.4

What Do Opponents of Gender-Affirming Care for Minors Say?

Opponents of providing gender-affirming care point to examples of people who began their transition and later expressed regret or decided to de-transition later in life. They argue that minors are not mature enough to make such life-altering decisions.

“We need to just pause, we need to understand what these emerging therapies actually may potentially do to our kids. My heart goes out to them. … This is an extremely uncomfortable position for me to be in. I don’t like it. But I have to do what I believe right now is in the best interest of the kids,” said Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds when signing the state’s ban on gender-affirming care for minors.5

Opponents also point to increasing restrictions abroad. The National Health Service in England recently ended the practice of prescribing puberty blockers to children, citing a lack of evidence of the safety and effectiveness to make them a part of routine treatment.6 Many other European countries do not allow the use of cross-sex hormones until age 16, and only then allow them after a patient has completed several psychotherapy sessions. In addition, most European countries ban gender-affirming surgery until age 16.7

What Do Supporters of Gender-Affirming Care for Minors Say?

Nearly all major U.S. medical associations support youth access to gender-affirming care, including the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Psychological Association. In particular, these groups point to evidence demonstrating that medically necessary gender-affirming care enhances mental health outcomes for transgender youth, including by reducing suicidal ideation.8

The AMA released this statement after Arkansas passed its ban: “Decisions about medical care belong within the sanctity of the patient-physician relationship. … We believe it is inappropriate and harmful for any state to legislatively dictate that certain transition-related services are never appropriate and limit the range of options physicians and families may consider when making decisions for pediatric patients.”9

Supporters also argue that transgender and nonbinary minors are not the only youth seeking gender-affirming care. A Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health study examined 2019 data for 22,827,194 youth with health insurance. It found that most gender-affirming surgeries for both transgender and cisgender (someone whose gender identity matches their sex at birth) youth were chest-related surgeries, and 97% of breast reduction surgeries were for cisgender males. Breast augmentation surgery for cisgender females is likewise considered gender-affirming medical care.10 Supporters point to this data and note that the same surgeries that are being banned for transgender and gender diverse youth are relatively unregulated for their cisgender counterparts.

Are There Any Federal Bills in Congress?

Like in state legislatures, there have been bills introduced in Washington, D.C., that would ban gender-affirming care for youth and others that would protect it. Rep. Marjorie Taylor Green (R-Ga.) introduced H.R.1399, the Protecting Children’s Innocence Act, which would make it a felony to perform any gender-affirming care on a transgender minor, prohibit the use of federal funds for gender-affirming care or for health insurance that covers such care, and prohibit universities from offering instruction in gender-affirming care.11 Sen. Ed Markey (D-Mass.) introduced S.2246, the Gender-Affirming Care Access Research for Equity (CARE) Act, which would provide $25 million in funding for the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to research barriers to gender-affirming care and the impact of those barriers on the health of transgender teens.12

Discussion Questions

  1. Do you think gender-affirming care should be banned until an individual turns 18?
  2. Does your state have laws about gender-affirming care? If so, do you agree or disagree with those laws? Why?
  3. Should more temporary medical interventions, like puberty blockers, be treated differently than more permanent treatments, like hormone therapy or surgery?
  4. What authority, if any, should the government have over medical care decisions for citizens?

Additional Resources

Related Blog Posts

As always, we encourage you to join the discussion with your comments or questions below.

Close Up is proud to be the nation’s leading nonprofit civic education organization, working with schools and districts across the country since 1971. If you would like to partner with us or learn more about our experiential learning programs, professional development, or curriculum design and consulting, contact us today! 

 

Sources

Featured Image Credit: KFF. Policy Tracker: Youth Access to Gender Affirming Care and State Policy Restrictions
[1] Office of Population Affairs: https://opa.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/2022-03/gender-affirming-care-young-people-march-2022.pdf
[2] CNN: https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/15/health/puberty-blockers-explained-nhs-wellness/index.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20use%20of%20puberty%20blockers,started%2C%20bone%20mineralization%20normalizes.%E2%80%9D
[3]  Association of Medical Colleges, https://www.aamc.org/news/states-are-banning-gender-affirming-care-minors-what-does-mean-patients-and-providers; NPR: https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/07/03/nx-s1-4986385/trans-kids-health-bans-gender-affirming-care
[4] UCLA Law: https://law.ucla.edu/academics/centers/center-reproductive-health-law-and-policy/shield-laws-reproductive-and-gender-affirming-health-care-state-law-guide#:~:text=Currently%2C%20through%20legislation%20or%20executive,to%20gender%2Daffirming%20health%20care.
[5] Des Moines Register: https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2023/03/21/kim-reynolds-says-iowa-should-pause-gender-affirming-care-to-trans-kids/70034427007/
[6] The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/mar/12/children-to-stop-getting-puberty-blockers-at-gender-identity-clinics-says-nhs-england
[7] Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshuacohen/2023/06/06/increasing-number-of-european-nations-adopt-a-more-cautious-approach-to-gender-affirming-care-among-minors/
[8] Endocrine Society: https://www.endocrine.org/news-and-advocacy/news-room/2023/ama-gender-affirming-care
[9] American Medical Association: https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-states-stop-interfering-health-care-transgender-children
[10] JAMA Network Open: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2820437
[11] H.R. 1399 Protecting Children’s Innocence Act: https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/1399
[12] Gender-Affirming Care Access Research for Equity Act: https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/2246?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22care+act+gender%22%7D&s=1&r=1

 

What Young Americans Seek in Political Leaders

Posted on by Ashleigh Barber

On September 17, the Sine Institute of Policy and Politics at American University released results of a poll that focused on the views of Americans ages 18-34. The survey was designed by the Sine Institute in partnership with Future Caucus and Close Up Foundation and was based on interviews conducted by Generation Lab, a data intelligence company that gathers and interprets the views and behavior of young adults. Last week, we explored young Americans’ levels of optimism and hope. In this post, we will explore the question of what young Americans are looking for in their political leaders.

When poll participants were asked to list the three most important qualities they look for in a political candidate, they listed a motivation to serve others as the highest priority. They also said they want leaders who actively listen to and consider the perspectives of others and who are willing to compromise to get results. Interestingly, they ranked all three of those attributes above the priority of a leader supporting the policies that the poll participants support.

One element of this survey that distinguishes it from many other political surveys is that it asked respondents to listen to eight short, AI-generated audio clips of a hypothetical candidate’s pitch to voters. The text of those clips, along with their labels, is shared below. Survey respondents did not see the labels.

  • Competence: “I’m running to work hard and get the job done for the American people. I have real-world experience and a track record of delivering results. If we stay focused and determined, we can solve even our most complex challenges.”
  • Compassion: “I’m running because I care about people. Good leaders are compassionate, active listeners. I want to make people’s lives better by truly understanding your concerns and focusing on what we have in common as human beings.”
  • Integrity: “I’m running because we need honest leaders with integrity who will serve others, not themselves. I’ll always do what’s right for the people I’m elected to represent, whether you voted for me or not.”
  • Authenticity: “I’m running because we need leaders who are willing to tell hard truths and be real with people. I won’t just say what you want to hear. I’ll give you my honest opinion, even if it’s unpopular, and if I make a mistake I’ll own up to it.”
  • Idealism: “I’m running because I want to be part of building a brighter future. We can accomplish anything if we put our minds to it. We’re facing a lot of tough problems, but I believe we can find solutions and achieve our potential.”
  • Inclusive: “I’m running to make sure our government serves everyone equally. Every voice matters. America works best when it works for all, with no one left out or left behind.”
  • Decisive: “My vision for America is clear and it won’t waiver. I am running because America deserves a strong leader who will protect our country and enforce our basic rules and values.”
  • Compromise/Unity: “I’m running to end the disunity and division tearing us apart. Bringing people together will require compromise. But there is more that unites us than divides us. We’re all in this together, and we will rise or fall together.”

Respondents were asked to rate, on a scale of 1-10, how appealing they found each campaign pitch.

Next week, we will take a final look at the results from this Sine Institute survey of young Americans to explore their views about the 2024 presidential election.

Discussion Questions

  1. Which of the eight excerpts above (competence, compassion, integrity, etc.) speak most directly to you? Least directly? Why?
  2. What is something that a political candidate could say that would help them appeal to you? Are you looking for the same things in political leaders as the people who responded to this survey?
  3. In your own words, how would you describe what you are looking for in a candidate for the presidency?

Related Blog Posts

As always, we encourage you to join the discussion with your comments or questions below.

Close Up is proud to be the nation’s leading nonprofit civic education organization, working with schools and districts across the country since 1971. If you would like to partner with us or learn more about our experiential learning programs, professional development, or curriculum design and consulting, contact us today! 

 

Sources

Featured Image Credit: Sine Institute of Policy & Politics

 

Young Americans’ Views on U.S. Democracy

Posted on by Scot Wilson

On September 17, the Sine Institute of Policy and Politics at American University released results of a poll that focused on the views of Americans ages 18-34. The survey was designed by the Sine Institute in partnership with Future Caucus and Close Up Foundation and was based on interviews conducted by the Generation Lab, a data intelligence company that gathers and interprets the views and behavior of young adults. While the poll does focus on the 2024 election, it also explores broader themes about how young Americans are viewing, and making sense of, U.S. democracy. 

SEE: Full Results of the Poll 

As the data shows, young Americans are worried about democracy and are not optimistic or hopeful when they think about the future of the United States. However, they are optimistic and hopeful when they think about their own futures.  

Elsewhere in the poll results, young Americans give the government poor grades (out of a 4.0 scale) when it comes to: 

  • providing an opportunity for an affordable, quality college education to those who want it (1.72). 
  • having an economy where people can work and afford to take care of their basic needs (1.62). 
  • having an effective government that represents the interests of all Americans (1.61). 
  • having capable and trustworthy political leaders (1.47).

As the data indicates, young Americans think that political leaders do not pay enough attention to the priorities of average people, that they are too focused on winning reelection, and that they are unethical. They also indicated a desire for more compromise and a willingness to work in good faith to find solutions. 

In next week’s blog post, we will explore what young people say they are looking for in political leaders. 

Discussion Questions 

  1. When you think about the future of the United States, are you more optimistic or pessimistic? Explain your reasoning.
  2. How closely do your views about political leaders match the views of people who were included in this poll?
  3. What do you prioritize in a political candidate?

Related Blog Posts

As always, we encourage you to join the discussion with your comments or questions below.

Close Up is proud to be the nation’s leading nonprofit civic education organization, working with schools and districts across the country since 1971. If you would like to partner with us or learn more about our experiential learning programs, professional development, or curriculum design and consulting, contact us today! 

 

Sources

Featured Image Credit: Sine Institute of Policy & Politics

 

America in One Room: Data and Impact on First-time Voters Ahead of the Election

Check out the unveiling of the America in One Room: The Youth Vote impact report! Learn about key findings, hear from participants about their experience, and discover how Close Up and DDL are spreading a culture of deliberative dialogue this election year through virtual deliberations with youth nationwide.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The International Criminal Court Seeks Arrest Warrants for Leaders of Israel and Hamas

Posted on by Scot Wilson

Karim Khan, prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), announced on May 20 that he has applied for arrest warrants for leaders of Hamas and Israel for war crimes and crimes against humanity over the October 7 attacks on Israel and the subsequent war in Gaza. A panel of judges will now consider Khan’s application for warrants for Yahya Sinwar, head of Hamas in the Gaza Strip; Mohammed Diab Ibrahim Al-Masri, commander-in-chief of the military wing of Hamas; Ismail Haniyeh, head of Hamas’ Political Bureau; Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu; and Israeli Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant.1

What Is the International Criminal Court?

The ICC is a criminal court located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, which brings cases against individuals for charges of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression. It operates independently of other international organizations, such as the United Nations, and is separate from the UN International Court of Justice.2

The ICC was founded in 1998 by a treaty and entered into force in 2002. As of 2024, 124 countries are members of the court; Palestine is recognized as a member, but Israel, as well as the United States, Russia, China, and others, are not.3 If the ICC grants Khan’s application and issues arrest warrants for any of the five men, any country that is a member would have to arrest them and extradite them to The Hague.4

The ICC currently has arrest warrants for world leaders such as Russian President Vladimir Putin, for leading the invasion of Ukraine, and former Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, for directing a campaign of mass killing and rape in the Darfur region.5

What Are the Charges?

The charges against Sinwar, Haniyeh, and al-Masri include “extermination, murder, taking of hostages, rape, and sexual assault in detention.” Hamas militants killed approximately 1,200 people and took at least 245 hostages in the October 7 attack on Israel. The charges against Netanyahu and Gallant include “causing extermination, causing starvation as a method of war, including the denial of humanitarian relief supplies, deliberately targeting civilians in conflict.” When announcing the application, Khan said, “The fact that Hamas fighters need water doesn’t justify denying water from all the civilian population of Gaza.” The Ministry of Health in Gaza estimates that more than 35,500 Palestinians have been killed and more than 79,000 have been wounded in Gaza since October 7, but outside organizations have not been able to confirm those numbers.6

How Have World Leaders Responded?

Both Israeli and Hamas leaders have condemned Khan’s application. Netanyahu said the action was meant to target all of Israel. “I reject with disgust the comparison of the prosecutor in the Hague between democratic Israel and the mass murderers of Hamas,” he said. Hamas said in a statement that it “strongly condemns the attempts of the ICC Prosecutor to equate victims with aggressors by issuing arrest warrants against a number of Palestinian resistance leaders without legal basis.”7

In the United States, President Joe Biden issued a statement in defense of Israel. “Let me be clear: Whatever this prosecutor might imply, there is no equivalence—none—between Israel and Hamas,” he said. “We will always stand with Israel against threats to its security.”8

Congressional Republicans have also condemned the ICC’s arrest warrants. Speaker of the House Mike Johnson (R-La.) said the chamber may vote on sanctions against the ICC for seeking an arrest warrant against Netanyahu.9 Rep. Elise Stefanik (R-N.Y.), leader of the House Republican Conference, said, “The ICC is an illegitimate court that equivocates a peaceful nation protecting its right to exist with radical terror groups that commit genocide.”10

Not all Democrats agree with President Biden, however. Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), who caucuses with Democrats, said in a statement, “The ICC prosecutor is right to take these actions. These arrest warrants may or may not be carried out, but it is imperative that the global community uphold international law. Without these standards of decency and morality, this planet may rapidly descend into anarchy, never-ending wars, and barbarism.”11 Rep. Mark Pocan (D-Wis.) said, “If Netanyahu comes to address Congress, I would be more than glad to show the ICC the way to the House floor to issue that warrant.”

International rights organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have released statements in favor of the ICC’s actions.12 Support is split in Europe, with leaders in France, Germany, and Belgium affirming the actions of the ICC and those of the United Kingdom and Czech Republic issuing press releases against the prosecutor’s inclusion of Israel with Hamas. The United States’ neighbor, Mexico, supports an investigation by the ICC.13 As of May 21, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau had not released a statement about the action.14

What Happens Next?

The ICC’s Pre-Trial Chamber will assess whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the accused have committed a crime within the ICC’s jurisdiction. In past cases, the Pre-Trial Chamber has taken several months to decide whether to issue a warrant, and security experts expect the same for this case. The ICC does not have its own police force; therefore, it must rely on member countries to enforce the arrest warrants that it issues or the suspect to present themselves to the ICC voluntarily.15

Discussion Questions

  1. Do you agree or disagree with the ICC’s decision to seek arrest warrants for Israeli and Hamas leaders? Explain your reasoning.
  2. If arrest warrants are issued, do you think the United States should help enforce them? Why or why not?
  3. If a world leader commits atrocities, how should we hold them accountable?

Other Resources

As always, we encourage you to join the discussion with your comments or questions below.

Close Up is proud to be the nation’s leading nonprofit civic education organization, working with schools and districts across the country since 1971. If you would like to partner with us or learn more about our experiential learning programs, professional development, or curriculum design and consulting, contact us today! 

 

Sources

Featured Image Credit: Piroschka Van De Wouw, Reuters
[1] Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state
[2] International Criminal Court: https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/the-court
[3] United Nations: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&clang=_en
[4] New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/20/world/middleeast/icc-arrest-warrants-israel-hamas.html#:~:text=The%20International%20Criminal%20Court%20is,known%20as%20the%20Rome%20Statute
[5] Just Security: https://www.justsecurity.org/95865/international-criminal-court-arrest-warrants-gaza/
[6] CNN: https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/20/middleeast/icc-israel-hamas-arrest-warrant-war-crimes-intl/index.html
[7] Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/reactions-icc-decision-israeli-hamas-leaders-2024-05-20/
[8] Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/05/20/israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-palestine/
[9] Axios: https://www.axios.com/2024/05/20/icc-netanyahu-arrest-warrant-congress
[10] The Hill: https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4675075-republicans-renew-call-sanctions-netanyahu-israel-arrest-warrant/
[11] Senator Bernie Sanders: https://www.sanders.senate.gov/press-releases/news-sanders-statement-on-icc-seeking-arrest-warrants-for-israeli-and-hamas-leaders/
[12] Amnesty International: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/05/israel-opt-icc-applications-for-arrest-warrants-for-netanyahu-sinwar-and-other-senior-israeli-and-hamas-officials-crucial-step-towards-justice/; Human Rights Watch: https://www.hrw.org/the-day-in-human-rights/2024/05/21
[13] Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/mexico-chile-refer-israel-hamas-conflict-court-over-possible-crimes-2024-01-18/
[14] CTV News: https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/trudeau-mum-on-international-criminal-court-prosecution-request-as-mps-react-1.6894689
[15] Just Security: https://www.justsecurity.org/95865/international-criminal-court-arrest-warrants-gaza/

Gun Violence & Public Health

Posted on by Scot Wilson

In September 2023, New Mexico Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham (D) declared gun violence in Albuquerque and the surrounding Bernalillo County a public health emergency, mirroring similar declarations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The declaration was accompanied by the immediate imposition of a 30-day ban on carrying firearms in public areas and state-owned property in the region. Gov. Lujan Grisham defended the move as a necessary step in protecting children; gun violence is the leading cause of death for children in the United States.

The move was met by criticism from both Republicans and Democrats in New Mexico, a state with relatively few prohibitions on firearm possession and carry. Several days after the emergency declaration, gun rights organizations filed lawsuits resulting in a judge temporarily preventing the new rules’ enforcement. Gov. Lujan Grisham narrowed the emergency measures to only temporarily prohibiting the carrying of firearms in Albuquerque-area public parks and playgrounds, a move which resulted in a federal judge allowing the rule to become effective in October.

Gun rights groups, such as the National Association for Gun Rights, and individuals filed lawsuits against the emergency declarations as unconstitutional. Plaintiffs and political critics of Gov. Lujan Grisham’s move have cited both the Second Amendment and the Supreme Court’s ruling in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association Inc. v. Bruen (2022). The Bruen case introduced a new way state regulations on firearm carry will be tested for constitutionality, limiting what both existing and new regulations can prohibit. Rep. Ted Lieu (D-Calif.) also voiced opposition to the rules as unconstitutional, though he stated he wanted stricter gun control. Opposition to the new rules, including the revised declaration prohibiting carry in only public parks and playgrounds, also reflects sentiment that the regulations prevent citizens from carrying a firearm for self-defense.

However, in the post-COVID environment, gun violence—particularly gun violence against children—has been increasingly treated as a public health crisis. Researchers at Tulane and Johns Hopkins Universities have studied this possible approach, and research released in 2023 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health’s Center for Gun Violence Solutions recognized broad support for gun violence and public health solutions. Support was found among 61.8 percent of gun owners and 54.4 percent of Republicans for publicly funded programs that include conflict mediation and other social services. The researchers’ recommendations also emphasized restricting public carry of firearms, which they considered a primary impact of gun violence.

Tulane’s research noted that certain gun control measures—such as expanding prohibitions on firearm purchases by domestic abusers—may have a significant impact. The research also identified approaches unrelated to gun control measures that could reduce gun violence, such as beautification programs that develop vacant properties and improve societal wellness. Tulane’s research praised Advanced Peace, a California organization that practices violence interruption. Violence interruption is a set of practices that prevent cyclical violence by focusing on expanding community resources for individuals at heightened risk of perpetrating gun violence.

Discussion Questions

  1. Is gun violence an issue in your community? Does this issue impact you and people you care about? How? 
  2. Is gun violence an issue that should be addressed by changes to laws and regulatory policies? Why or why not? 
  3. Do you believe gun violence should be treated as a public health concern? Why or why not? What is the most compelling argument against your position?
  4. If gun violence is treated as a public health concern, should public policies emphasize gun control (e.g. restrictions on gun ownership) or community reform? 

As always, we encourage you to join the discussion with your comments or questions below.

Close Up is proud to be the nation’s leading nonprofit civic education organization, working with schools and districts across the country since 1971. If you would like to partner with us or learn more about our experiential learning programs, professional development, or curriculum design and consulting, contact us today! 

 

Sources

Featured Image Credit: Boston University’s School of Public Health
Tulane University: Gun Violence as a Public Health Issue
National Public Radio: One Way to Prevent Gun Violence? Treat It As a Public Health Issue
Johns Hopkins University: Center for Gun Violence Solutions
National Public Radio: Some Big Health Care Policy Changes Are Hiding In The Federal Spending Package
Scientific American: Gun Violence Is an Epidemic; Health Systems Must Step Up

 

The 13th Amendment, Crime Legislation, and America’s High Incarceration Rate

Posted on by Scot Wilson

Today, 25 percent of the world’s documented prison population is incarcerated in the United States. Despite America being the land of the free, there are more recorded prisoners here than in any other country: 2,068,800.

So, how did the United States get here? Over the last 40 years, numerous factors have contributed to the dramatic increase in the prison population. President Richard Nixon declared a “war on drugs” in 1971. Ensuing legislation, such as the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, contributed to a rapid increase in the U.S prison population. Years earlier, even the 13th Amendment to the Constitution contributed to the growth of the prison population.

The 13th Amendment reads, “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” Some refer to this clause as the criminal-exception loophole, which allowed the economic benefits of slavery to continue by prosecuting and imprisoning Black Americans for petty, ill-defined crimes such as vagrancy.

After the Civil War, Southerners struggled with the sudden lack of free labor and the economy began to deteriorate. To offset that stress, some states began the practice of convict leasing and enforcing Black Codes. This allowed prisoners to be leased out for their labor to those who paid small leasing fees to the government. Because Black Codes criminalized freed slaves for frivolous reasons such as lack of employment, lack of housing, or participating in business other than husbandry, there was quickly a plethora of laborers to lease out.1

This loophole introduced long-term consequences that are still catching up with us today. The effects of the 13th Amendment and current laws continue to allow convicted felons to be compelled to work without pay. And some legislators regard the U.S.’s highest incarceration rate as a pressing current issue.

How Citizens Feel About Our High Incarceration Rate in America

In 2017, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Campaign for Smart Justice conducted a public poll to gain a greater understanding of how individuals view the high incarceration rate in America. Of those polled, 71 percent agreed that it is important to reduce America’s prison population. That 71 percent included 87 percent of Democrat respondents, 67 percent of independent respondents, and 57 percent of Republican respondents. The poll found that 68 percent of respondents would be more likely to vote for an elected official who supports reducing the prison population, and that 71 percent believe incarceration is counterproductive to public safety. Other studies and polls show similar results that liberals, conservatives, and moderates, for the most part, find some agreement on the high incarceration rate in America as a current issue.2

Sen. Charles Grassley (R-Iowa) and former Gov. Deval Patrick (D-Mass.) discuss sentencing reform and reducing rates of incarceration:

What Are Some Possible Solutions?

One proposed approach to reducing the incarceration rate is to begin back-pedaling on some laws passed with the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the 1994 Crime Bill. President Donald Trump signed into law the First Step Act of 2018, which passed Congress with overwhelming bipartisan support.3  The main goals of the law were sentencing and prison reform. The law gave sentencing power back to judges by allowing them to reduce sentences below the statutory minimum; offenders who were sentenced for crack-cocaine-related charges prior to 2010 were automatically allowed to apply for resentencing. There were also a multitude of reforms to how corrections officials treat prisoners and certain aspects of how the Department of Justice and attorney general interact with the Bureau of Prisons and the Department of Corrections to make living and labor conditions better for inmates.

READ: “Criminal Justice Reform: The First Step Act” on the Current Issues Blog

Another prospective solution is to amend the Constitution. In 2020, congressional Democrats proposed legislation to add an amendment to the Constitution that would eliminate the language that permits slavery and involuntary servitude as criminal punishment and make them unconstitutional under any conditions. Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.) argued for the bill’s passage, saying that the 13th Amendment “continued the process of a white power class gravely mistreating Black Americans, creating generations of poverty, the breakup of families, and this wave of mass incarceration that we still wrestle with today.” Former Rep. William Lacy Clay (D-Mo.) said such a change to the Constitution would “finish the job that President Lincoln started.”4

Although this constitutional amendment did not pass, some states are passing similar legislation to amend their own constitutions. In 2018, Colorado put a measure on the state ballot to remove the language permitting slavery from the state constitution and became the first state to do so since the 19th century. Two years later in 2020, Nebraska and Utah passed similar legislation by ballot. Then, in 2022, voters in Alabama, Oregon, Tennessee, and Vermont officially made all forms of slavery illegal in their states.5

Supporters of these amendments argue that they will help rid America of modern-day forced labor in the prison system. Most prisoners are made to work during their incarceration. For example, much prison maintenance and upkeep is done by prisoners for $1 per hour or less. Activists say that compelling prisoners to work for such little money is synonymous with involuntary servitude, and they argue that passage of these amendments could balance morality scales and give prisoners more opportunity to save money to support themselves upon their release, thereby reducing recidivism rates and keeping communities safer.

Opponents, however, see a different view. They point out that allowing prisoners to collect higher wages would be difficult and expensive. For example, the California Department of Finance has estimated that it could cost $1.5 billion to pay prisoners the minimum wage. Opponents believe that such a move would reduce the beneficial impacts of certain prison programs that allow inmates to acquire job training and skills while working for no pay—programs that can assist them in having a more successful reentry to society.6

Discussion Questions

  1. How high a priority issue, if at all, do you think the high incarceration rate in the United States is? Explain your reasoning.
  2. What would be some benefits of taking steps toward reducing the incarceration rate? What would be some drawbacks?
  3. Do you think the criminal-exception loophole allows slavery and involuntary servitude to exist today? If so, how? If not, why not?
  4. When it comes to prison labor, do you believe inmates should have a choice to work or should they be compelled to work? Do you think they should be paid more to work or not? Explain your reasoning.
  5. Of the proposed policies mentioned above (or another that you have heard of), which do you believe would have the greatest impact on reducing the incarceration rate?

As always, we encourage you to join the discussion with your comments or questions below.

Close Up is proud to be the nation’s leading nonprofit civic education organization, working with schools and districts across the country since 1971. If you would like to partner with us or learn more about our experiential learning programs, professional development, or curriculum design and consulting, contact us today! 

Sources

Featured Image Credit: Cornell Chapter of Amnesty International
[1] https://www.floridapolicy.org/posts/criminal-fines-and-fees-an-age-old-tool-that-has-enslaved-oppressed-and-disenfranchised-black-floridians#:~:text=During%20the%20Black%20Codes%20era,goods%20from%20a%20railroad%20company.
[2] https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/91-percent-americans-support-criminal-justice-reform-aclu-polling-finds
[3] https://www.bop.gov/inmates/fsa/
[4] https://apnews.com/article/lawmakers-anti-slavery-amendment-6e13df5702725fc18c889eb6762771c3
[5] https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/five-states-to-decide-on-closing-slavery-loopholes-in-voter-referendums
[6] https://www.merkley.senate.gov/the-new-abolitionists-voters-in-a-handful-of-states-close-the-slavery-loophole-in-2022/ 

 

Government Initiatives in Protecting Native Habitat

Posted on by Scot Wilson

Conservation efforts to promote native habitat hardly ever make national headlines, but they have been a consistent part of both federal and state government initiatives for decades. However, if you live in states such as Missouri, Kansas, and Virginia, you may have seen your state government take up environmental legislation this past week against the Bradford pear tree, an invasive tree that gained its fame for a particularly foul smell and is already restricted in ten other states.

Bills introduced in state legislatures ranged from those offering trade-in programs, giving landowners native trees in exchange for Bradford pear trees in Virginia, to an all-out ban on the sale of the tree and other invasive vegetation in HB 2412 introduced in the Missouri House of Representatives.1 State politicians cite a number of reasons for bringing forward these policies, including the difficulty native plants have competing with invasive species and the unwillingness of the general public to commit to growing native plants on their land.

North America has been on a steady path of natural habitat loss since early colonization, with some of the largest causes being agriculture, climate change, and land conversion for development.2 Farming practices have largely relied on foods that are not naturally grown in our ecosystem or have been genetically altered to grow in mass quantities. Conservationists have seen this result in detrimental land erosion and natural habitat loss for native animal species.

In the 19th century, the United States saw a boom in land development along coastal regions, replacing what was once marshlands with private and commercial buildings.3 Florida, a state on the front lines of climate change, has seen its wetlands decrease by 44 percent since becoming a state.4 As the ocean rises and the southeastern part of the country experiences more extreme storms, landowners can see their land wash away, as they rarely continue to plant vegetation with root systems that can retain the water flooding their land, instead opting for plants that have a decorative appeal over the natural long grasses that once grew along the beaches. While the Florida Department of Fish and Wildlife works to restore wetlands on public land, state laws make it difficult to enforce conservation policies on privately owned land.

At the federal level, there are a number of government entities that work to address the issue of native habitat loss, including the National Park Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Forest Service, the Natural Resources Conservation Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey. While these agencies have their own projects and initiatives, much of the work that’s done through these government organizations is done through grant opportunities provided to state agencies, research institutions, and nongovernmental organizations. The funding is created by acts of Congress, such as the recent Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (which promised to mitigate the impacts of climate change) and the longstanding North American Wetlands Conservation Act of 1989 which still funds work done today.

While there are many organizations dedicated to the cause of conservation efforts, bills working to address the issue hardly ever survive the partisan politics of federal and state government initiatives. Opposing lawmakers cite the rights of property owners and argue that such bills are not an issue of importance for the government to invest in financially. Others cite conservation as a cultural issue and have taken to education and social media to combat apathy toward the issue. Once such organization is the Native Habitat Project based in northern Alabama, which has skyrocketed in popularity on TikTok and Instagram, with over 424,000 followers. The group seeks to educate the public on natural habitat loss and conservation efforts in the hopes that individuals will take up the cause of protecting their local forests, marshes, and prairie lands.5

Whether you agree that conservation is a political issue or a cultural issue, we will soon see a different reality of what native habitat looks like in North America, with the effects of climate change becoming more apparent each year.

Discussion Questions

  1. Is wildlife and habitat conservation an issue the government should prioritize? Why or why not? Is this an issue that should be addressed culturally instead? Why or why not?
  2. Should the government seek natural solutions to combat climate change, such as restoring wetlands? Why or why not?
  3. Should the government have the authority to address this issue on private property as well as on public lands? Why or why not?
  4. If conservation was an issue that you prioritized, how might you motivate the public to invest in habitat restoration?

 

As always, we encourage you to join the discussion with your comments or questions below.

Close Up is proud to be the nation’s leading nonprofit civic education organization, working with schools and districts across the country since 1971. If you would like to partner with us or learn more about our experiential learning programs, professional development, or curriculum design and consulting, contact us today! 

Sources

Featured Image Credit: STLIPR/NPR photographer Mangrove Mike
[1] USA Today: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/03/25/bradford-pear-trees-smell-invasive-species-banned/73040722007/; National Public Radio: https://www.stlpr.org/health-science-environment/2024-04-05/missouri-arbor-day-exchanging-bradford-pear-trees-less-invasive
[2] National Wildlife Federation: https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Threats-to-Wildlife/Habitat-Loss
[3] NOAA Shoreline: https://shoreline.noaa.gov/intro/index.html
[4] Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission: https://myfwc.com/conservation/freshwater/wetland-habitat/
[5] Native Habitat Project: https://www.nativehabitatproject.com/

 

Social Spaces for Kids and Teens

Posted on by Scot Wilson

PeopleImagesiStockphotoGetty-Images-300x200.png

Last fall, 41 state attorneys general sued Meta, the parent company of Facebook and Instagram, alleging that it “knowingly designed and deployed harmful features … to purposefully addict children and teens.”1 In January, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a public hearing to address online child safety issues.2 And this month, the House of Representatives voted to ban TikTok if it did not address data and privacy concerns.3 Despite a bipartisan consensus acknowledging the social media risks for youth, no substantial legislative action has been taken to protect them from exploitation and psychological harm.

Recognizing the widespread harms of social media children face online, opinion columnist Michelle Goldberg recently wrote in the New York Times about the need to help kids and teens step away from social media. With so much of their lives centered on apps and the internet, she made the case that kids and teens deserve to have better physical spaces to congregate and hang out with friends. Goldberg recommended that local governments and businesses create, maintain, and support “parks, food courts, movie theaters, even video arcades,” among other locations, to encourage offline connections and activities.4

Profiles and For You Pages

Gen Z is the first generation to grow up with access to cell phones and social media. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these were helpful tools for young people to stay connected amid school closures and stay-at-home orders. Being on your phone is not necessarily a bad thing; social media can be used in healthy ways to develop and maintain friendships, learn new information, and express yourself. But addictive algorithms can hook kids, rewarding them for their engagement and spiraling them down deep rabbit holes of dangerous content, from eating disorders to suicide.5 A Gallup survey from October found that the average teenager spends nearly five hours on social media each day.6

Kids today are increasingly struggling with their mental health and experiencing heightened feelings of isolation, anxiety, and depression.7 In 2023, the Journal of Pediatrics published a report claiming that the “primary cause of the rise in mental disorders is a decline over decades in opportunities for children and teens to play, roam, and engage in other activities independent of direct oversight and control by adults.”8 That year, Surgeon General Vivek Murthy issued an advisory linking excessive social media use to the youth mental health crisis.9

Offline and Physical Places

Local governments could prioritize the well-being of young people by increasing the availability of youth-centered public social spaces. When the local library in Falls Church, Virginia, was renovated, it tripled the size of its sections for children and teens.10 In the Bronx, local government leaders and community organizers are currently working together to fix up two dilapidated skate parks.11 By supporting such projects, communities could increase the opportunities young people have to socialize in person as an alternative to social media. Promoting and encouraging their use could turn them into valuable public resources.

Having social spaces for kids and teens to hang out could help them de-stress, stay active, and make connections, all while strengthening their social skills and increasing their sense of belonging. Goldberg cited social psychologist Jonathan Haidt, who states, “While kids are under-protected on the internet, they’re over-protected in the real world.”12 With space to play and socialize, kids could get face-to-face interactions and the benefits that come from both engaging with others in person and taking a break from the toxicity of social media.

Just the First Step

When choosing to create these community spaces, local decision-makers must look out for the safety and overall well-being of kids. Other considerations include accessibility and availability. Are these spaces indoors or outdoors? Do kids need transportation to access them? Are they open at reasonable hours? Are they pleasant to visit and free to use?

Goldberg’s call for quality social spaces is a small step meant to encourage young people to spend less time online—something they desire but just don’t know how to do. 13 One high schooler in a focus group on youth social media use believes “we’d all feel a lot better if we were on [our phones] less,” and that taking a break “almost sets you free in a way.”14 More social spaces would provide the infrastructure and opportunity to do so, but ultimately the decision to use them comes down to parents and individual kids. This is not the only solution to mitigate social media risks for youth, as the underlying issues and their effects on kids still need to be addressed through parental controls, content moderation, and updated legislation.

Discussion Questions

  1. How much time per day do you spend on social media? (You can check your phone’s settings to see your Screen Time on iOS or Digital Wellbeing on Android.)
  2. Have you seen or experienced negative effects of social media?
  3. Does your community have dedicated places for young people to socialize? How would you rate the quality of these places?
  4. Where do you or people your age hang out in your community?
  5. What types of social spaces would you ideally like to have in your community?

 Other Resources

As always, we encourage you to join the discussion with your comments or questions below.

Close Up is proud to be the nation’s leading nonprofit civic education organization, working with schools and districts across the country since 1971. If you would like to partner with us or learn more about our experiential learning programs, professional development, or curriculum design and consulting, contact us today! 

Sources

Featured Image Credit: PeopleImages/iStockphoto/Getty Images
[1] Office of the Attorney General of New Jersey: https://www.njoag.gov/ag-platkin-41-other-attorneys-general-sue-meta-for-harms-to-youth-from-instagram-facebook
[2] Associated Press: https://apnews.com/article/meta-tiktok-snap-discord-zuckerberg-testify-senate-00754a6bea92aaad62585ed55f219932
[3] Associated Press: https://apnews.com/article/tiktok-ban-house-vote-china-national-security-8fa7258fae1a4902d344c9d978d58a37
[4] New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/18/opinion/internet-kids-social-media.html
[5] Axios: https://www.axios.com/2024/03/22/tiktok-youtube-kids-scroll-time-data
[6] Gallup: https://news.gallup.com/poll/512576/teens-spend-average-hours-social-media-per-day.aspx
[7] New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/opinion/big-tech-algorithms-kids-discovery.html
[8] New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/18/opinion/internet-kids-social-media.html
[9] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/sg-youth-mental-health-social-media-advisory.pdf
[10] City of Falls Church: https://www.fallschurchva.gov/670/Library-Expansion-and-Renovation-Project
[11] Bronx Times: https://www.bxtimes.com/bronx-skateparks/
[12] New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/18/opinion/internet-kids-social-media.html
[13] CNN: https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/26/health/teen-hundreds-of-phone-notifications-report-wellness/index.html
[14] Ibid.